Earthquakes have no free will.

Question

The free-will defense, even granted, only covers moral evil — what humans do to each other. It says nothing about the tsunami, the cancer cell, the child born with a genetic disease that kills her at four. No one chose these. They are built into the fabric of the world an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good creator chose to make.

Thomas Aquinas · Answer

Evil is not a thing. It is the absence of a good that ought to be there.

Blindness is not an entity competing with sight; it is the lack of sight in something made to see. Cancer is not a creature; it is a disordering of cells made for order. When we ask "why did God create this evil?" we have already misstated the question. God creates being, and being is good. Evil is what happens when being falls short of itself.

Why does God permit such falling-short in the natural order? Because he created a world of secondary causes — a world in which fire genuinely burns, plates genuinely shift, cells genuinely divide — rather than a world of constant miraculous intervention. A universe of stable causes is the precondition for any creaturely action at all. Remove the stability, and you remove the creature.

This does not make the suffering small. It locates it. Natural evil is the cost of a world in which finite beings genuinely act. The alternative is not a better world but no world.

C.S. Lewis · Answer

A world that yields to my will would have no other will in it.

If matter were soft enough to spare us every pain, it would be soft enough to spare us every action. The same hardness of wood that lets me hammer a nail lets the nail go through my hand. The same gravity that holds me to my chair pulls the climber from the cliff. To ask for a universe with all the goods of stable nature and none of its dangers is to ask for a universe that contradicts itself.

This does not answer why this child gets this cancer. I do not know. No one knows. But it answers a different question — why a good God might create a world in which such things are possible. The possibility is the price of a world that is genuinely other than God, with its own causal integrity.

Pain, when it comes, is God's megaphone to a deaf world. I do not say this lightly; I lost my wife to cancer and I have written what it cost me. But I will not unsay it. The universe that hurts us is the same universe that lets us love each other. You cannot keep one and lose the other.

Augustine · Answer

Creation groans because creation fell.

The world as it is is not the world as it was made. Scripture's witness is consistent: the disorder we observe in nature — the predation, the disease, the seismic violence — is not the original creation but the fallen one. Creation itself will be set free from its bondage to corruption, says Paul; it is in bondage now, and was not always.

How a moral fall produced a physical disorder is mysterious, and I will not pretend to map it. But the intuition that something is wrong with the world is not an argument against God. It is the most basic Christian claim. The atheist's complaint — that the world is broken — is exactly what we have been telling him for two thousand years.

The question is not whether the world is broken. It is whether it can be healed, and by whom.

Francis of Assisi · Answer

Brother fire burns, and is still our brother.

I have called the sun my brother and the moon my sister. I have called death itself my sister. The world that hurts us is the same world that feeds us, and the creature does not curse the field for having stones in it.

When the wolf came to Gubbio and ate the people's livestock, I did not curse the wolf. I went and spoke with him, and made peace, because the wolf was hungry and the people were afraid, and both were God's. The world is not arranged for our comfort. It is arranged for a deeper good than comfort, and we are part of it, not the center of it.

The cancer is real, and the earthquake is real, and I will not insult the suffering by calling them small. But the same Lord who lets the rain fall on the just and the unjust gives us each other, to bind up wounds and bury the dead and sing in the dark.

The Catechism · Answer

Creation is on a journey toward a perfection not yet attained.

The world that God created was good, but it was not finished. He willed creation to be in statu viae — in a state of journeying — toward an ultimate perfection still to come. This means that physical evil exists alongside physical good in the present order: with the appearance and disappearance of certain beings, with the constructive and destructive forces of nature. Earthquakes, predation, the slow extinction of species — these belong to a creation that is unfolding, not to a creation that has been broken from above.

The drama deepens with the entry of moral evil. Humanity, made for communion with God and entrusted with creation, turned away. This is the Fall: not the introduction of physics into a previously placid Eden, but the rupture of the creature meant to receive creation rightly, to lift it toward its end. Death entered human experience in a new mode. Creation, deprived of its appointed steward, groans. We know that the whole creation has been groaning in travail together until now.

Why God permits a creation that suffers, rather than imposing a finished perfection from the start, is a mystery to which faith gives only a partial answer. Almighty God, because he is sovereignly good, would never allow any evil whatsoever to exist in his works if he were not so all-powerful and good as to cause good to emerge from evil itself. The full answer waits on the end of the journey, when God will be all in all, and creation itself will be set free from its bondage to corruption.

Earthquakes have no free will.

The objection, in full

Creation groans because creation fell.

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